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Купол Брунеллески

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Авг 21, 2020

На самом деле, если бы в Италии не появилась эпоха Возрождения, то, может быть, и сегодня мир оставался бы жить в трясине запретов и страхов. Но человек так устроен, что его мысли и натура постоянно рвутся наружу с желанием двигать историю и цивилизацию.
Западная цивилизация во многом обязана Флорентийскому Собору.

Базилика Санта Мария дель Фьоре или Дуомо

Постройка собора началась в 1296 году (арихитектор А. ли Камбио). Долгое время собор стоял без купола, работы велись с перерывами в течение 140 лет. Собор прославляет Деву Марию.

Базилика поражает своей грандиозностью: 150 м.в длину, 38 – в длину на уровне нефов, 90 – вдоль трансепта.


Собор – это символ Флоренции, его религиозный центр, который долгое время был без купола.
Изначально архитектор с правителями города задумали создать Санта Мария дель Фьор как храм, где можно собрать все население, около 30 тыс.человек. Однако не получалось сконструировать для мощного здания купол.

В XIV в. во Флоренции начинает расцветать род Медичей. Купец Джованни Медичи становится крупным банкиром и политическим деятелем. Он учит своего сына Козимо управлять государством – республикой Флоренцией. И у Козимо Медичи появляется желание прославить город, закончить собор, поставить купол. Задумка требовала огромных денег.
Начался целый конкурс среди лучших архитекторов Европы- никто не находил решения, чтобы предложить проект безопасной и прочной установки купола.
Козимо Медичи между тем в связи со смертью отца становится единственным правителем Флоренции, очень влиятельным олигархом во всей Европе. Он понимает, что ему не хватает древних, античных, знаний для создания масштабных проектов.
Он посылает гонцов в Рим, где в старинных храмах флорентийцы должны были отыскать сведения о новых технологиях. Молодой Медичи начинает увлекаться искусством, ему нравится римский пантеон богов. Постепенно герцог приходит к выводу, что купол на Собор ему сможет установить только такой же, как он, нестандартно мыслящий человек, но с умом исследователя.
Таким во Флоренции был инженер и архитектор гений Филиппо Брунеллески. Который предложил представить купол как половинку куриного яйца, которое может быть устойчивым в отличие от целого.
Многие не верили Брунеллески. Однако мастер организовал работы так, что каменщики даже не спускались с высоты купола за едой – провиант доставляли наверх. Брунеллески был уверен в себе. Он показал новаторский проект.Его сооружение предусматривало двойной свод без опор. Несущая структура купола состояла из 8 мраморных ребер и кирпичной кладки, уложенной для прочности “елочкой” . Купол был создан за 16 лет (1420 – 1436). Его высота составила 115 м., диаметр – 45 м., купол опирается на огромный восьмиугольный каркас барабанного типа, сформированный крестовинами из несущих ребер и стягивающих перемычек.
Храм с установленным куполом приехал освещать Папа Римский Евгений IV.

События усилили позиции во власти рода Медичи, которые начали еще активнее во Флоренции поддерживать и развивать науку и искусство.
После смерти Козимо Медичи на престол восходит его внук Лоренцо. При нем во Флоренции появляются творческие мастерские, где художники начинают соревноваться между собой и хотят, чтобы их произведение искусства стало наиболее известным. Возможно, даже прославило не только Господа, но и семью Медичи. В это время появляются шедевры Ботичелли, Микеланджело, Леонардо да Винчи, Рафаэля.

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