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О.И. Липина Римский классицизм в селе Истье

отОлеся Липина

Фев 15, 2021

Римский классицизм в селе Истье

Иосиф Бродский в фильме «Возвращение» высказал мысль о том, что итальянские архитекторы, приглашенные в Россию (к примеру, Бартоломео Растрелли, Джакомо Кварнеги), когда строили царские дворцы, по сути, создавали произведения, которые были для них выражением тоски по прошлому.

С этой точки зрения можно попытаться ответить  и на такие  вопросы: чем были собственные произведения для русских архитекторов? Например, что они значили для Василия Петровича Стасова, автора Нарвских ворот, ансамбля казарм Павловского полка на Марсовом поле, Конюшенной церкви, Царскосельского лицея?

Как он сам относился к своим созданиям, среди которых комплекс зданий Академии наук на Васильевском острове в Санкт-Петербурге, Смольный монастырь?

Во многом найти ответ на поставленный вопрос поможет так называемый  «истьинский» проект Стасова, который был реализован в Рязанской губернии – церковь Рождества Христова.

Василий Петрович Стасов
Нарвские триумфальные ворота
Церковь Рождества Христова в селе Истье Рязанской области

Храм находится в селе Истье и имеет увлекательную историю. Над своим замыслом архитектор начал работать, когда еще молодым учился в Италии, в Риме, – в Академии живописи, скульптуры, архитектуры Святого Лукки. Находясь далеко от родного дома, Василий Петрович очень переживал за судьбу родной страны. В Италии Стасов внимательно следил за политическими событиями и военными походами Наполеона. Отношения Франции с другими странами не оставляли его равнодушным. Особенно тревожила судьба России, сначала вступившей в коалицию  западно-европейских государств против Наполеона, а затем оставшейся один на один с наполеоновской Францией и оказавшейся вынужденной подписать Тильзитский мир. Возможно, решение Стасова спроектировать Храм продиктовано, в том числе, и воспоминаниями о России, о своей семье, друзьях. Поскольку память тесно связана с глубинными образами, то предположим, что символом родного дома, связующим с ним звеном, стал для Стасова образ Храма. Неслучайно только его соглашается разработать Стасов на чужбине в далекой Италии.  Главной же задачей для архитектора в тот период была учеба  у европейских наставников,  тратить время на другие виды деятельности  было просто нельзя. Но Стасов решился отвлечься. Вероятно, ностальгия оказалась сильнее установленных правил. И она подарила нам возможность в XXI веке в селе Истье увидеть Храм Рождества Христова, не только замечательный памятник архитектуры начала XIX века, спроектированный в Риме, но еще и свидетельство любви к Родине, русской православной культуре. Если бы тоска по Родине не посещала Стасова в Италии, кто знает, имели бы мы сейчас  творение рук гениального архитектора.

Василий Петрович знал, что церковь должна стать частью усадьбы Хлебниковых-Полторацких, дворяне архитектору были очень близкими людьми. Он также понимал, что аристократическая семья без религии никогда не найдет целостности и соглашался с этим. В виде истьинской церкви к нам приходит для опыта сегодня результат тех его ощущений. В их основе – воспоминания о России, о родных людях, о дружбе.

  Стасов восхищался своим другом Д.М. Полторацким, который владел усадьбой Истье после смерти П. Хлебникова, отца его жены А.П. Хлебниковой. Однажды состоятельный помещик  внес значительное пожертвование  в военный фонд борьбы против бонопартистской Франции. Архитектор писал ему из Рима весной 1807 г. : «Читая Ваше  пожертвование к отражению общего врага, я наполнился к благородной душе Вашей новым уважением и не я один, но все, кто у меня случились, а более аглицкие американзы по сему знаку усердия русского дворянства были тронуты до энтузиазма». Но проект церкви Рождества Христова у Стасова получилось реализовать в 1816 году. От замысла до воплощения прошло  более 10 лет.

Во время учебы Стасова в  Италии с 1802 по 1808 годы страна  была расчленена и часть территорий была захвачена Францией. Поэтому Стасов имел доступ только к Папской области и мог посещать южную часть полуострова. Стасов учится в Риме, но осенью 1807 года и весной 1808  посещает Неаполь. Известно, что в Россию архитектор возвращался через Флоренцию, Тироль и Вену. Последнее письмо из Италии написано им в Вероне 16 (28) июня 1808 года. Во время учебы зодчий знакомится с произведениями Витрувия, Палладио, Альберти. Привозит с собой в России их книги. С 1810 года Стасов ведет преподавательскую деятельность. После Италии поступил на службу в Кабинет Его Императорского Величества. В 1816 году семья Хлебниковых – Полторацких, владеющая металлургическими заводами в Рязанской губернии, решает начать строительство церкви Рождества Христова. Стасов приезжает в Истье.

В имении он создает круглую однокупольную церковь, следую традициям классической архитектуры Рима.  Храм  должен был транслировать человеку мысль о единстве Бога и совершенстве его творения.  В соответствии с римской традицией купол обозначал вечность. Как убежденный сторонник высокого классицизма, находясь под влиянием требований греческой и римской архитектуры, в замысел здания архитектором также вкладываются идеи греческих философов и ученых эпохи Возрождения о том, что мир есть единица, с одной стороны, а с другой, мир может выдыхать из себя бесконечность. Об этом буквально Стасов не напишет, но представит свои мысли в архитектурной форме.

Дмитрий Маркович Полторацкий и Анна Петровна Хлебникова

Храм – выражение человеческого порядка и бытия, воплощение соразмерности. Впечатляет его красота не как предсказуемое совершенство, а как факт, удивляющий человеческий разум – быть в своем порядке, находясь далеко от Рима на просторах Рязанской губернии, при этом сохранять в себе все законы гармонии и красоты, принципы гуманистической философии, замыкая на себе целостность, бесконечность и полноту мира.

Храм говорит нам, что нельзя его полностью и сразу понять, если не обернуться в прошлое, если не познать мир.

Сферическая форма купола Храма, безусловно, имеет римское происхождение. Хотя такая модель больше подходит для западных стран, где, например, в Греции или Италии, реже выпадают осадки. Для русского православного храма в этом отношении применяют шлемовидные купола, а также луковичные, поскольку дождевая вода по ним быстрее скатывается вниз и не перегружает крышу. При этом Стасов оставил купол церкви без отверстия для света. Видимо, погодные условия средней полосы России оказались не совсем подходящие, для того чтобы повторить эффект купола римского Пантеона, где через отверстие пробивает солнце и человек имеет возможность под лучами Гелиоса почувствовать свое божественное  происхождение. Если же пойдет дождь, то дренажная система итальянского храма не позволит воде остаться на поверхности пола, чего не скажешь об  истьинской церкви.

Храм Рождества Христова Стасов построил как световую ротонду с арочными полукруглыми высокими окнами, обеспечивающими попадания света в помещение. Явно перед нами пример влияния заподноевропейских лет учебы архитектора. Отметим, что круглые храмы изначально строили в Греции, затем традицию продолжили в Италии. К примеру, на картине Рафаэля «Обручение Марии с Иосифом» на заднем плане видно изображение храма-ротонды. Произведение рассказывает о союзе мужчины и женщины, которому предстоит дать миру Спасителя, а это означает, что герои картины должны быть совершенны. Мысль об исключительности повторяет Храм. Он находится на заднем плане картины. Сам сюжет  абсолютен так же, как форма круга Храма. Классические мотивы круглой формы проявились и в строении Храма у Стасова. Они наполняют церковь смыслами, созданными человечеством еще в начале зарождения христианства. Кроме того, Стасов знал, что стиль классицизма, его строгость форм и одновременная торжественность (она формируется с помощью колоннады апсид церкви) станет вызывать у людей наряду с религиозными и гражданские чувства.

В 1816 году страна восстанавливалась после сражений с Наполеоном. В воздухе витал дух Победы. Сама природа требовала подтвердить размышления человека о его предназначении на земле, цели жизни, которую многие выдающиеся личности безусловно отдавали во блага Отечества. Именно в 1816 году у России появляется первый Гимн, государство наполняется идеями героики и славы – основными темами гуманизма, идей Возрождения, которые подробно изучал Стасов в Италии. Разве мог истинный сын Отечества обойти в своем творчестве гражданское настроение? Определенно ответ на вопрос будет отрицательным.

Василий Петрович Стасов через храмовую архитектуру погружает нас не только в законы мироздания, заставляет задуматься о связи вещей друг с другом и их божественном начале, но и дает почву для поиска и открытия внутри личности лучших гражданских чувств – патриотизма, служения Родине во имя ее процветания. Это аттестует творчество архитектора как наилучший пример распространения стиля классицизма в России.  

от Олеся Липина

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